Reference : Salunke AA, Nandy K, Puj K, Kamani M, Pathak S, Shah J, Bhalerao RH, Jain A, Sharma M, Warikoo V, Patel K, Rathod P, Bhatt S, Tank T, Pandya S. A proposed “Radiological Evaluation Score for Bone Tumors” (REST): An objective system for assessment of a radiograph in patients with suspected bone tumor. Musculoskelet Surg. 2022 Dec;106(4):371-382. doi: 10.1007/s12306-021-00711-0. Epub 2021 May 12. Erratum in: Musculoskelet Surg. 2022 Dec;106(4):383. doi: 10.1007/s12306-021-00716-9. PMID: 33982208
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Ever pondered the intricacies of cancer and its development ? Let’s embark on a journey to broaden our understanding of cancer.
Introduction
Cancer denotes a group of diseases characterised by abnormal cell growth and proliferation within the body. These rogue cells can infiltrate and ravage healthy tissues, potentially posing grave threats if left unchecked.
Hall Marks of Cancer
Uncontrolled Cell Growth: Cancer cells divide and multiply without control.
Invasion: Cancer cells invade surrounding tissues.
Metastasis: Cancer cells spread to other parts of the body.
Cancer Cells
Normal Cells
Cancer Cells
Grow and divide in a controlled manner
Grow and divide uncontrollably
Undergo programmed cell death (apoptosis) when damaged
Avoid apoptosis and continue to multiply
Stay in their designated tissue
Can invade other tissues and spread
Table : Difference between Normal Cells and Cancer Cells
Causes of Cancer & Why Cancer Develops:
Cancer develops due to changes (mutations) in the DNA of cells. These changes can be caused by various factors including genetic predisposition, environmental exposures, and lifestyle factors.
Genetic Factors: Inherited mutations predisposing individuals to cancer.
Environmental Exposures: Carcinogens such as tobacco smoke, UV radiation, and certain chemicals.
Infections: Viral agents like HPV and Hepatitis B fostering cancer development.
Mutations in DNA leads to Cancer
“The accrual of genetic mutations often underpins the onset of cancer.тАЭ
Causes of Cancer
Examples
Genetic Factors
Inherited mutations, family history
Environmental Factors
Exposure to radiation, chemicals
Lifestyle Factors
Smoking, diet, lack of exercise
Table: Causes of Cancer
Smoking and Alcohol consumption may lead to Cancer
Types of Cancer
Carcinomas: Arising from skin or organ lining tissues.
Leukemias: Manifesting within the blood and bone marrow.
Lymphomas: Initiating in the immune system.
Sarcomas: Emerging from connective tissues like bones and muscles.
Impact of Cancer
Cancer exerts a profound toll on individuals and society at large. The physical, emotional, and financial burdens can be overwhelming, affecting patients, families, and caregivers alike.
Screening and Prevention
Regular screenings and timely detection are pivotal in thwarting cancer progression. Embracing a healthy lifestyle, steering clear of known risk factors, and seeking vaccination against cancer-related infections significantly diminish cancer susceptibility.
Treatment Modalities
Surgery: Excising cancerous tumors via surgical intervention.
Chemotherapy: Employing pharmaceutical agents to obliterate cancer cells.
Radiation Therapy: Directing high-energy radiation at cancerous cells.
Immunotherapy: Harnessing the body’s immune system to combat cancer.
“Tailored treatment plans, tailored to each patient’s cancer type and stage, are imperative.тАЭ
Surgery management is Key in Cancer treatment Chemotherapy in Cancer treatment Role of Medicines in Cancer treatment Radiation treatment in Cancer Care
Conclusion
Cancer represents a multifaceted challenge necessitating a holistic approach encompassing prevention, diagnosis, and treatment.┬а
In conclusion, cancer is a complex and devastating disease that can affect anyone, regardless of age or background.┬а
It is important to understand the basic mechanisms of cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis in order to develop effective treatments and preventive measures.┬а
By raising awareness and supporting research efforts, we can work towards a future where cancer is no longer a life-threatening diagnosis, but a manageable condition.┬а
By comprehending the myriad facets of cancer, we empower ourselves to make informed decisions concerning our health and well-being.┬а
Let’s remain vigilant, informed, and unified in our crusade against cancer.
Ever pondered the intricacies of cancer and its development ? Let’s embark on a journey to broaden our understanding of cancer.
What Is Cancer?
Cancer denotes a group of diseases characterized by abnormal cell growth and proliferation within the body. These rogue cells can infiltrate and ravage healthy tissues, potentially posing grave threats if left unchecked.
Infections: Viral agents like HPV and Hepatitis B fostering cancer development.
“The accrual of genetic mutations often underpins the onset of cancer.”
Impact of Cancer
Cancer exerts a profound toll on individuals and society at large. The physical, emotional, and financial burdens can be overwhelming, affecting patients, families, and caregivers alike.
Screening and Prevention
Regular screenings and timely detection are pivotal in thwarting cancer progression. Embracing a healthy lifestyle, steering clear of known risk factors, and seeking vaccination against cancer-related infections significantly diminish cancer susceptibility.
Treatment Modalities
Surgery: Excising cancerous tumors via surgical intervention.
Chemotherapy: Employing medicines to kill cancer cells.
Radiation Therapy: Directing high-energy radiation at cancerous cells.
Immunotherapy: Harnessing the body’s immune system to combat cancer.
“Tailored treatment plans, tailored to each patient’s cancer type and stage, are imperative.”
Hall Marks of Cancer
Cancer is a group of diseases characterised by the uncontrolled growth and spread of abnormal cells. Unlike normal cells, cancer cells grow uncontrollably, invade nearby tissues, and can spread to other parts of the body through the bloodstream or lymphatic system.
Uncontrolled Cell Growth
Cancer cells divide and multiply without control, leading to the formation of tumors. These tumors can damage on surrounding tissues and organs, causing pain and interfering with normal body functions.
Invasion
One of the defining characteristics of cancer is the ability of cancer cells to invade neighboring tissues. This invasive behavior allows cancer to affect nearby structures and disrupt their normal function.
Metastasis
Perhaps the most dangerous aspect of cancer is its ability to metastasise, or spread to other parts of the body. Cancer cells can break away from the original tumor and travel through the bloodstream or lymphatic system to establish tumors cells in distant organs.
Conclusion: Cancer represents a multifaceted challenge necessitating a holistic approach encompassing prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. In conclusion, cancer is a complex and devastating disease that can affect anyone, regardless of age or background. It is important to understand the basic mechanisms of cancer growth, invasion, and metastasis in order to develop effective treatments and preventive measures. By raising awareness and supporting research efforts, we can work towards a future where cancer is no longer a life-threatening diagnosis, but a manageable condition. By comprehending the myriad facets of cancer, we empower ourselves to make informed decisions concerning our health and well-being. Let’s remain vigilant, informed, and unified in our crusade against cancer.
First Examination Medical History and Physical Examination: To find any risk factors or symptoms suggestive of cancer, a comprehensive medical history is frequently the first step in the diagnosis procedure. During a physical examination, tumours, anomalies, or other possible cancerous indications may be found.
Imaging Investigations X-rays: Helpful in identifying anomalies in some organs and bones. Computed tomography, or CT scans, offer precise cross-sectional images of the body that are helpful in identifying tumours and establishing their exact position. Magnetic Resonance Imaging, or MRI, uses magnetic fields to provide detailed images that are especially helpful for soft tissues, the brain, and the spinal cord. Ultrasound: This method of creating images by using sound waves is frequently used to guide biopsies and examine soft tissues. PET scans, or Positron Emission Tomography, can reveal malignant cells throughout the body by detecting metabolic activity.
Brain Cancer
Histopathology Tests
Assessments in the laboratory. Blood tests: Are able to identify compounds known as tumour markers, which are frequently produced by cancer cells or by the body as a reaction to cancer. Tests on urine and other bodily fluids can occasionally identify anomalies linked to cancer.
Biopsy Needle Biopsy: A little tissue sample is taken from the suspicious location using a needle. Surgical Biopsy: This procedure involves removing a suspicious mass or tumour entirely or in part by surgery. Endoscopic Biopsy: Samples of tissue are taken from inside the body, such as the lungs or digestive tract, using an endoscope.
Assessment by┬аPathologists Under a microscope, the biopsy sample is examined in histopathology to identify cancer cells and ascertain the kind and grade of the cancer. Cytology: Usually used to study the structure and function of cells
Genetic tests and Molecular tests
Genetic and Molecular Investigation Genetic testing: Finds particular genetic changes or mutations that are frequently linked to particular cancer types. Molecular profiling: Analyses cancer cells’ genetic and molecular characteristics to inform targeted therapy and treatment choices.
